Chapter 19

Chapter 19: Internal Troubles, External Threats: China, Ottoman Empire, and Japan (1800-1914)

the 19 century was Europe's greatest age of global expansion.  They became the center of the world economy. Many moved to regions beyong Europe where explorers reaching new countries and much of the world became part of European colonies. Europeans had new motives.The  Industrial Revoultion fueled much of Europe's expansion.  The growth of mass nationalism in Europe made imperialism broadly popular and industrial developments made overseas expansion possible.  In the past Europeans had largely defined others in religious terms, but they also adopted many foreign ideas and techniques. The industrial age promoted a secular arrogance among europeans and they increasingly despised other cultures.
China's century of crisis came within its own success.  China did not have an accompanying industrial revolution. The growing population put pressure on land, impoverishment, and starvation. The Chinese bureaucracy did not keep pace with its growing population. Gangs and rebellions began more common than before disrupting the peace.  The leader Hong Xiuquan sent to establish a "heavenly kingdom of great peace".  He called for radical equality and even planned to industrialize China.  China's relationship with Europe transformed with the Opium Wars.  British began to sell large quantities of Indian opium to China.  Chinese authorities recognized the dangers of opium addiciotn and tried to stop the trade of it.  European merchants bribed officials to smuggle it back to China. The British responded with the first Opium War in which they won.  The end of the war led to a treaty to open 5 ports to European traders.
The Chinese government tried to act against its problems by a policy of "self-stregthening" in 1860's.  They established modern arsenals and shupyards and even studied other languages and sciences.  Conservative leaders feared that the development would harm the landlord class.  The growing number of educated Chinese became disillusioned with the Qing dynasty.  The government agreed to some reforms, but not enough because the imperial order eventually collapsed.
The Ottoman Empire and China had felt that they did not need to learn from the west and avoided direct colonial rule.  They attempted "defensive modernization" and suffered a split in society between modernists and those holding traditional values.
The Ottoman Emipre was still strong and the center of the Islamic world.  It was known as "the sick man of europe".
The islamic world fell under Christian rule and the Ottoman's couldnt prevent it. they lost territory to Russia, Britain, Austria and France. The central Ottoman state had eventually weakened adn the economy was hit hard by Wester developments.The Ottoman empire had reached a state of dependency on Europe.
In attempt to reform, the Ottoman empire established new military and administrative structures. After 1839, more far-reaching reformist measures emerged beginning with an extensive process of industrialization and modernization.  Supporters of the reform saw the Ottoman Empire as a secular state.  The outcome of China and the Ottoman Empire led to "semicolonies".  they both gave rise to a new nationalist conception of society.  the imperial system in China collapsed in 1911.  The Ottoman Empire collapsed after WW1. 
The rise of a new east Asian power of Japan became powerful, modern, united, industrialized.
Japan created its own East Asian empire.  American intrusion demanded better treatment of castaways, the right to refuel and buy provisions, and  the opening of trade ports.  Japan gave into the demands triggering a civil war.  The modernization of Japanese style began with creating nation unity. There began to be a widespread intrest in many aspects of the West. Feminism and Chrsitianiy made little progress in Japan's modern style.  Society ended up paying a heavy price.  Many peasant families were impoverished and suffered infanticide and the sale of their daughters.  the efforts to organize unions were repressed. By the 20th cenutry western power readjusted treaties in Japan's favor. Japan's rise was widely admired and colonial policies wer at least as brutal as Europan ones.