Chapter 23

Chapter 23: Independence and Development in the Global South

After African independence many empires began to fall in the 20th century.  The Austrian and Ottoman empires collapsed in the wake of WWI. Russian, German and Japanese empires also ended with WWII.
Freedom struggle in India began with British rule that promoted a growing sens of Indian identity. Unlike earlier foreign rulers the British did not assimilate.  Indians shared more similarities to each other than to the rulers.   Mohandas Gandhi became a leader of the Indian National Congress (INC).  Many peope did not agree with Gandhi especially when the growing of Muslim/Hindu religions divided. Unforunately, Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu extremist.
South Africa gained their independence from Great Britin in 1910, however, its government was conrolled by a white settler minority. Eventually South Africa had a mature industrial economy, but black South Africans were extremely dependen on the white -controlled economy.   The issue of race was prominent.  The policy of apartheid trid to keep blacks and whites completely separate, whileretaining black labor.  Underground nationalist leaders turned to sabatage and assassination organizations of strikes and violence broke out.
African and Indian nations congronted all efforts to establish political order such as population growth, high expectations for independence, and cultural diversity.  In India democracy succeeded and the independence movement  was more extended.  Many more Indians than Africans had technical skill at the time of independence. The widespread of economic disappointment discredited early African Democracies. However, the well-educated elite benefited the most.  They obtained high paying bureaucratic jobs that caused resentment in ethnic conflict.
In economic development they believed that poverty isn't inevitable. General expectation in the developing world that most private economies were weakly developed, but for several decades ther has been growing dependence on market forces for economic development. An important issue arised with urban vs. rural development.  Economic development varied widely by region with East Asia being the most successful.